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Being called a “Neanderthal” has long been shorthand for a knuckle-dragging brute — an insult implying someone is primitive and clueless. In popular imagination and even early science, Neanderthals were cast as dim-witted cavemen, a species of losers on the evolutionary stage. But recent discoveries have radically rewritten that story. Far from being sub-human dullards, Neanderthals are now understood as complex, intelligent hominins who created art, used tools and even share genetic ties with all of us.
In a sense, the Neanderthal “brand” has undergone a posthumous PR makeover: from reviled caveman to respected ancestral cousin. This dramatic evolution of public