Consider, for a moment, the electrical wire, a pervasive technology that’s extremely easy to forget. Spooled up inside our devices, wrapped around our walls, strung along our streets, millions of tons of thin metallic threads do the job of electrifying the world. But their work is benign, and so naturalistic that it does not really feel like technology at all. Wires move electrons simply because that is what metals do when a current is supplied to them: They conduct.
But there’s always room for improvement. Metals conduct electricity because they contain free electrons that aren’t tethered to any particular atoms. The more electrons that flow, and the faster they go,
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